Wall Framing

Options for wall framing include solid sawn and finger-jointed dimension lumber, glulam framing, and structural composite lumber (SCL) products.

It is common in steel and concrete buildings to frame walls, both interior and exterior, with non-load bearing studs. In a wood-frame school, it can be beneficial both from a construction schedule and cost perspective to frame all walls with wood, making them load bearing where necessary for structural purposes.

In a typical steel-frame school, the building’s lateral stability against wind and seismic forces is usually provided by steel braced or moment frames or masonry shear walls. These systems may only be present in the building for the purpose of lateral load resistance. However, in a wood-frame school utilizing wood walls covered with sheathing, such as plywood or OSB, these walls can double as both gravity force-resisting members (bearing walls) and lateral force-resisting members (shear walls).

Wood-frame shear walls offer the advantages of light weight and ductility. For contrast, a typical masonry shear wall in a school might include 8-inch masonry walls with grout and reinforcing steel at 32 inches on center (o.c.). This combination has an average weight of 47 psf. A typical wood-frame shear wall in a school would be 2-by-6 studs at 16 inches o.c. with a layer of ¹/₂-inch plywood or OSB. This combination has an average weight of 12 psf.⁸

As noted, a building’s seismic forces are directly tied to its mass, meaning that the seismic forces contributed by 8-inch masonry walls would be nearly four times greater than those of the wood-frame walls. Seismic forces on a building are also directly tied to the code-specified seismic response coefficient (R). As the R term is in the denominator of the seismic force equation, a larger R value results in lower seismic forces. For seismic load resistance, wood-frame shear walls are classified as “light-frame (wood) walls sheathed with wood structural panels rated for shear resistance” (R = 6.5, per Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7-16). This R value of 6.5 is greater than many steel and masonry lateral load-resisting systems, resulting in further reduction of seismic forces.

Tall Walls

It’s common for schools to require ‘tall walls’—20 feet and taller—to achieve desired interior heights for areas such as gymnasiums and cafeterias. Wood is both appropriate and effective in these applications.

Wood-frame tall walls offer the same benefits as other wood stud walls:

• They’re able to resist snow loads on the roof and wind loads on the wall, without requiring an additional load-bearing frame.
• When wood sheathing is added to studs, the wall is effective at resisting the lateral racking loads caused by high-wind and seismic events.
• They can be easily insulated to provide excellent thermal resistance.
• They can be finished with a wide range of finishing materials.

For these spaces, larger lumber sizes and engineered wood products can be used to obtain the same strength for walls that are taller and longer. Shear walls and connections can be easily designed to provide the required lateral resistance. Thermal requirements can be achieved with insulation. And, by paying attention to details and selecting appropriate finishing materials, tall stud walls can meet or exceed stringent fire separation requirements.

ACHIEVING LONG SPANS WITH WOOD ROOFS

Spans of 60 to 160 feet are a common requirement for school assembly spaces, and there are numerous wood options for achieving these spans. They include, among others, trusses, glulam girders and sub-purlins, and mass timber panels.

Photo: Dennis Ivy

EL DORADO HIGH SCHOOL
Location: El Dorado, Arkansas
Architect: CADM Architecture
Structural Engineer: Engineering Consultants Inc.

With seating for 2,200 people, this is one of the larger assembly spaces by high school standards. The roof is made from curved bowstring trusses spanning about 165 feet. Originally designed in structural steel, the switch to a bowstring truss wood roof saved the project $60,000.

BOLTON DINING COMMONS

Photo: Richard Mandelkorn

Location: Athens, Georgia
Architect: Smith Dalia Architects, Bruner/Cott
Structural Engineer: Uzon + Case

In this 55,555-square-foot dining commons at the University of Georgia, glulam trusses and Douglas-fir structural roof decking respond to the client’s desire for natural materials that evoke feelings of warmth and comfort.

DUKE SCHOOL

Photo: Jerry Markatos

Location: Durham, North Carolina
Architect: DTW Architects & Planners
Structural Engineer: DTW Architects & Planners

To create a welcoming environment, the Duke School library is framed with glulam arches that span the space. Between the arches are glulam beams and, above those, spanning in the opposite direction, exposed tongue and groove decking.

THOMPSON RIVER UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL

Photo: Mathias Fast

Location: British Columbia, Canada
Architect: Diamond Schmitt Architects
Structural Engineer: Fast + Epp Structural Engineers

Prefabricated panels for this 400-foot-long roof at Thompson River University Law School in British Columbia were erected in roughly six weeks. The glulam frame is supported by wood purlins made from trees killed by the Mountain Pine Beetle.